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Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux
Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868) was a British statesman who became Lord Chancellor of Great Britain.
As a young lawyer in Scotland Brougham helped to found the ''Edinburgh Review'' in 1802 and contributed many articles to it. He went to London, and was called to the English bar in 1808. In 1810 he entered the House of Commons as a Whig. Brougham took up the fight against the slave trade and opposed restrictions on trade with continental Europe. In 1820, he won popular renown as chief attorney to Queen Caroline, and in the next decade he became a liberal leader in the House. He not only proposed educational reforms in Parliament but also was one of the founders of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in 1825 and of University College London in 1826. As Lord Chancellor from 1830 to 1834 he effected many legal reforms to speed procedure and established the Central Criminal Court. In later years he spent much of his time in Cannes, which he established as a popular resort.
== Early life and background ==
Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh, the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742-1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland, and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and the University of Edinburgh, where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also law. He published several scientific papers through the Royal Society, notably on light and colours and on prisms, and at the age of only 25 was elected a Fellow. However, Brougham chose law as his profession, and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised little in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years later he was called to the Bar. Not a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism as a means of supporting himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the ''Edinburgh Review'' and quickly became known as its foremost contributor, with articles on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, poetry, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts. In the early 19th century, Brougham, a follower of Newton, launched anonymous attacks in the ''Edinburgh Review'' against Thomas Young's research that proved light was a wave phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction, attacks that slowed acceptance of the truth for a decade until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work. Another example of Lord Brougham's scientific incompetence is his attack against Sir William Herschel (1738–1822). The story is described by Pustiĺnik and Din.〔(Solar Phys. 2004, vol.223, p.335-356)〕 The Royal Astronomer Herschel found a correlation between the observed number of sunspots and wheat prices.〔(Herschel W. Phil.Trans. 1801, 91, 265)〕 This met with strong and widespread rejection, even ridicule – as a "grand absurdity" – by Lord Brougham. Herschel had to cancel his next publications of these results. 70 years later, the English economist W.S. Jevons discovered 10–11 years intervals between wheat high prices – in agreement with the 11-year cycle of solar activity, discovered at those times. Miroslav Mikulecký, J. Střeštík and V. Choluj〔(The Conference "Man in his Terrestrial and Cosmic Environment", Úpice, Czech Republic, 2010, Acad. Sci. Czech Rep., Prague)〕 found by cross regression analysis shared periods between climatic temperatures and wheat prices as 15 years for England, 16 years for France and 22 years for Germany. Pustiĺnik and Din believe they have found a direct evidence of the causal connection between wheat prices bursts and solar activity.
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